According to the force properties, springs can be divided into tension springs, compression springs, torsion springs and bending springs. According to the shape, they can be divided into disc springs, annular springs, leaf springs, spiral springs, truncated cone scroll springs and torsion bar springs. , according to the production process, it can be divided into cold rolled spring and hot rolled spring. Ordinary cylindrical springs are the most widely used because they are simple to manufacture, can be made into various types according to load conditions, and have simple structures. Generally speaking, spring manufacturing materials should have high elastic limit, fatigue limit, impact toughness and good heat treatment properties. Commonly used materials include carbon spring steel, alloy spring steel, stainless spring steel, copper alloy, nickel alloy and rubber. wait. The manufacturing methods of springs include cold rolling method and hot rolling method. If the spring wire diameter is less than 8 mm, the cold rolling method is generally used, and if the spring wire diameter is larger than 8 mm, the hot rolling method is used. Some springs are pressed or shot blasted after being made, which can improve the load-bearing capacity of the spring.
Springs can be divided into the following 6 categories:
1. A torsion spring is a spring that withstands torsional deformation. Its working part is also densely wound in a spiral shape. The end structure of the torsion spring is processed into torsion arms of various shapes instead of hook rings. Torsion springs use the lever principle to twist or rotate soft and tough elastic materials, giving them great mechanical energy.
2. Tension spring is a coil spring that bears axial tension. When not under load, the coils of the tension spring are generally tight and there is no gap between them.
3. Compression springs are coil springs that bear axial pressure. The materials used are mostly circular in cross-section, and are also made of rectangular and multi-strand steel coils. The springs are generally of equal pitch. The shapes of compression springs are: cylindrical Shaped, conical, convex and concave shapes and a small amount of non-circular shapes, etc., there will be a certain gap between the rings of the compression spring. When subjected to external load, the spring shrinks and deforms, storing deformation energy.
4. Progressive springs. This type of spring adopts a design with inconsistent thickness and density. The advantage is that when the pressure is not large, it can absorb the ups and downs of the road through the part with a lower elastic coefficient to ensure riding comfort. When the pressure increases to After a certain level, the thicker part of the spring plays a role in supporting the body. The disadvantage of this kind of spring is that the control feeling is not direct and the accuracy is poor.
5. Linear spring. The thickness and density of the linear spring remain unchanged from top to bottom, and the elastic coefficient is a fixed value. This kind of designed spring can make the vehicle obtain a more stable and linear dynamic response, which helps the driver to better control the vehicle. It is mostly used in performance-oriented modified cars and competitive vehicles. The disadvantage is of course that the comfort is affected.
Stout and equipped with short springs, it can effectively lower the center of gravity of the vehicle body, reduce the roll generated when cornering, make cornering more stable and smooth, and improve the vehicle's cornering control. The damping setting of the original shock absorber is biased towards comfort, so the short spring and the original shock absorber are not very stable in cooperation. It cannot effectively suppress the rebound and compression of the short spring. When driving on bumpy roads, it will There is an uncomfortable jumping feeling. In the long run, the life of the shock absorber will be greatly shortened, and oil leakage may also occur. Of course, the above conditions are all relative. There will not be such serious damage in daily driving, and try not to drive violently. After all, the original shock absorbers cannot withstand high load pressure. 6. Short spring The short spring is shorter than the original spring and is more durable.
What are the classifications of springs and what functions can they achieve?
Torsion spring
Torsion springs (torsion springs) use the principle of levers to twist or rotate soft and tough elastic materials, giving them great mechanical energy. It is a spring that withstands torsional deformation, and its working part is also made of coils that are either tightly wound or separated. The end structure of the torsion spring is processed into torsion arms of various shapes, from single torsion to double torsion, and even various torsion bar deformations, which can be shaped according to the design. Torsion springs are often used in balancing mechanisms in machinery and are widely used in industrial production such as automobiles, machine tools, and electrical appliances.
Widely used in production.
compressed spring
Compression springs (compression springs) are coil springs that bear axial pressure. Springs are generally divided into equal pitch springs and variable pitch springs. The shapes of compression springs are: cylindrical, conical, convex and concave, and a small amount of Non-circular, etc., there is a certain gap between the coils of the compression spring. When subjected to external load, the spring shrinks and deforms, storing deformation energy. Variable-pitch springs are becoming more and more common. They are no longer just equal-pitch springs. Variable-pitch springs can play different roles in different environments.
carbon nanospring
The diameter of carbon nanotube springs can reach hundreds of microns and the length can reach several centimeters. Its spinning structure has broad application prospects and is expected to be used in stretchable conductors, flexible electrodes, micro strain sensors, supercapacitors, integrated circuits, and solar cells. , field emission sources, energy dissipation fibers and other fields, it provides the possibility to prepare carbon nanotube electronic devices visible to the naked eye, and is also expected to be used in medical devices, such as tension sensing bandages. This new structure can also be developed into multifunctional carbon nanotube fiber composites for use.
Tension spring
Tension spring (tension spring) is a coil spring that bears axial tension. Tension springs are generally made of circular cross-section materials. When not under load, the coils of a tension spring are generally tight and there is no gap between them. It uses the elasticity (tension) after stretching to control the movement of parts, store energy, measure force, etc. It is widely used in machines and instruments. The hook types include side hook extension spring, long hook extension spring, British hook extension spring, German hook extension spring, semicircle hook extension spring, duckbill hook extension spring, etc. Its materials include stainless steel, piano steel, high carbon Steel, phosphor bronze, oil tempered alloy spring steel, etc.
Air spring
Air spring is a non-metallic spring that adds pressurized air to a flexible closed container and uses the compressibility of air to achieve elasticity. It can be roughly divided into two types: bladder type and membrane type. Air spring has excellent elastic characteristics and is used in The suspension device of high-end vehicles can greatly improve the ride comfort of the vehicle, thereby greatly improving the comfort of the vehicle. Therefore, air springs have been widely used in automobiles and railway locomotives. In addition, because air springs have many advantages over ordinary steel springs, they are also used in some mechanical equipment and precision instruments.
Craftsmanship
Manufacturing Equipment
As an important component in industrial systems, springs are widely used and come in many types. Therefore, the production of springs is originally made by hand and is gradually moving towards automation. Ninety years ago in China, there were only a few mechanical equipment specialized in spring production in the spring industry. As the spring market grew larger, professional spring equipment companies gradually entered China, such as Taiwan's Northeast Spring Machinery (EN Qiao). Ding), Guanghong (KHM), etc. have gradually occupied the mainstream spring production market. Northeast's EN502 universal machine uses a proprietary mechanical mechanism to produce various springs and special-shaped elastic components conveniently and quickly. Guanghong's equipment is a high-speed equipment for producing compression springs and tension springs. There are also many professional spring equipment manufacturers abroad such as Vafios, MEC (now ORII&MEC), etc. Domestic production of large-scale spring CNC hot rolling machines is still blank. Although the spring industry is a small industry in the entire manufacturing industry, its role cannot be underestimated. The expansion of the scale of spring production and sales, the increase in varieties, and the improvement of quality levels are also the needs for the upgrading of mechanical equipment and the need to improve the performance of supporting host machines. Therefore, spring products play an important role in the development of the entire country's industry. Since the reform and opening up, with the trend of economic globalization and the establishment of China's status as a major manufacturing country, the demand for supporting springs has surged. In addition, the investment in spring production is not high, the technical threshold is low, and the investment recovery is fast. Since the 1980s, the number of spring manufacturing enterprises has increased rapidly. As of the end of 2010, there were 724 domestic enterprises above designated size engaged in the spring manufacturing industry, employing more than 100,000 people. In 2010, sales revenue exceeded 30 billion yuan, and total profits exceeded 1.6 billion yuan. Spring is a highly competitive product. In the market, domestic companies with low-end products have cost advantages and are competitive in price. Foreign investment and joint ventures with high-end products have technological advantages. Cutting-edge products, such as springs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, Stents are almost entirely monopolized by foreign medical giants, and domestic companies have done nothing. Automotive springs are the hottest field for domestic and foreign companies to compete in the market. Domestic and foreign companies have their own strengths and it is difficult to tell them apart. The spring industry has gradually entered the competition of the industrial chain from price wars and service competition in the past, and the industrial chain must be completed through standardized means. Although the standard system of this industry is relatively complete, due to its early formulation, there is a considerable gap in market demand. Especially compared with developed countries such as Japan, Europe, and the United States, the current national standards and industry standards are still relatively low, resulting in domestic The competitiveness of spring products in the international market is not strong. Therefore, the introduction of new industry standards that are in line with international standards as soon as possible is the primary issue that the industry needs to solve. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, my country's automobile, railway, instrumentation and other industries will maintain rapid and stable development, thanks to the country's relevant policy stimulus and the revitalization plan of related industries. In addition, some emerging industrial fields such as conventional weapons, nuclear power and aircraft manufacturing are indispensable for the participation of springs. As China's national strength becomes increasingly powerful, investment in national defense science and technology becomes increasingly abundant, which is also an important aspect of business opportunities in the spring industry. Against the background of a good external environment and steady growth in downstream demand, my country's spring industry will maintain rapid and stable development. It is expected that by the end of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", that is, in 2015, my country's spring industry sales are expected to reach 60 billion yuan.
Cold forming
1) One-time automation capability of cold forming process. The cold forming machine has been developed to 12 jaws. Steel wires within the range of (0.3~14) mm can be formed in one go on the 8-claw forming machine. The development direction of forming process equipment: ① To increase the forming speed, the main development trend is to improve the forming speed of the equipment, that is, the production efficiency; ② To improve the durability of the equipment by improving the precision of equipment parts and strengthening the heat treatment effect; ③ To increase the length sensor and The laser range finder provides CNC forming machines with automatic closed-loop control of the manufacturing process. 2) Cold forming process capabilities. Large wire diameter spring coiling machine, the maximum specification can reach 20mm, =2000MPa, and the winding ratio is 5. The cold forming process of Mini-Block springs and eccentric springs made of variable or constant diameter materials still has limitations.
Hot forming
1) Hot forming process speed capability. In my country, there is only a CNC 2-axis hot spring coiling machine for molding in the (9~25) mm specification, with a maximum speed of 17 pieces per minute. Compared with prosperous countries, the gap is large.
2) Large spring hot forming process control capabilities. Since there is only a CNC 2-axis hot coil spring machine, there are less three-directional functions for shape control and poor accuracy; and there is no automatic bar rotation control and adjustment mechanism, so the hot coil spring forming process level and capability are low. Therefore, the accuracy of the spring and the degree of surface oxidation and decarburization are also low.
Spring function
The main function
①Control the movement of machinery, such as valve springs in internal combustion engines, control springs in clutches, etc. ②Absorb vibration and impact energy, such as buffer springs under cars and train carriages, vibration-absorbing springs in couplings, etc. ③Storage and output energy as power, such as clock springs, springs in firearms, etc. ④ Used as force measuring components, such as dynamometers, springs in spring scales, etc. The ratio of the load to the deformation of the spring is called the spring stiffness. The greater the stiffness, the harder the spring. The spring is an elastic component widely used in the mechanical and electronic industries. The spring can produce large elastic deformation when loaded, converting mechanical work or kinetic energy into deformation energy. After unloading, the deformation of the spring disappears and returns to its original shape. Deformation energy is converted into mechanical work or kinetic energy.
Measurement function
We know that within the elastic limit, the extension (or contraction) of the spring is proportional to the external force. Spring balances are made using the properties of springs.
Reset function
The spring deforms under the action of external force. After the external force is removed, the spring can return to its original state. Many tools and equipment use the property of springs to reset. For example, the hinges of many building doors are equipped with return springs, and the door will automatically reset after people enter and exit. People also use this function to make automatic umbrellas, automatic pencils and other supplies, which are very convenient. In addition, various buttons and keys are also indispensable for return springs.
Drive function
Mechanical clocks and wind-up toys are driven by winding springs. When the spring is tightened, it bends and deforms, storing a certain amount of elastic potential energy. After release, the elastic potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, which drives the rotation through the transmission device. Toy guns, starting guns and military firearms also use one of the properties of springs to work.
Buffering function
A spring is installed between the motorcycle frame and the wheels, and the elasticity of the spring is used to slow down the bumps of the vehicle.
Vocal function
When air flows from the reed hole in the harmonica or accordion, it impacts the reed, and the reed vibrates to produce sound.
Pinch function
Observing various electrical switches, you will find that one of the two contacts of the switch must be equipped with a spring to ensure that the two contacts are in close contact and have good conduction. If the contact is poor, the resistance at the contact will increase, the heat generated when the current passes will increase, and in severe cases, the metal at the contact will melt. The two metal pillars of the bayonet lamp holder are equipped with springs for good contact; as for the central metal sheet of the screw lamp holder and the connecting metal sheets of all sockets, they are reeds, and their function is to keep both parties in close contact to maintain good contact. Same good. In the cassette tape, there is a phosphor bronze reed, which uses the elastic force generated when it bends and deforms to bring the magnetic head into close contact with the tape. There is a long coil spring in the stapler. On the one hand, it holds the staples tightly. On the other hand, when the front nail is pushed out, it can send the back nails to the front so that the nails can be pushed out comfortably. In this way, each nail can be automatically pushed to the front until all the nails are pushed out. Many machines automatically feed materials, and the automatic loading of bullets in automatic rifles relies on the function of springs. In addition, clothes clips, ballpoint pens, and clips on pen covers all use the compression function of springs to clip on clothes.
Testing Equipment
There are spring tension and compression testing machines of various specifications, spring fatigue testing machines, physical and chemical metallographic analysis, flaw detection equipment of different specifications, material torsion tensile testing machines, etc.
